http://de.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/2lussj/before_and_after_powerwashing_new_york_used_to_be/

			Here[http://www.trevorlittle.com/2007/01/03/power-washing-188-suffolk-st/] is the source for this image. Credit to the photographer, Trevor Little. More of his work can be found at http://www.trevorlittle.com/[2] . He took this at East Houston Street in Manhattan on January 3, 2007. Here[https://www.google.com/maps/@40.7217008,-73.9844338,3a,75y,212.91h,98.98t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s8tWEgJLP8Qi5pFaDWliXgw!2e0] is the Google Streetview of this. Also, they are not powerwashing. They are spraying a special chemical formulation to clean off the junk. The details on those old buildings, especially the old windows, are not able to withstand real power washing. The cleaning solution has to dissolve the crud and be safe to use in a city, so this is specialized work that costs quite a bit.

			To clarify: We're not talking about power plants and steam turbines. People heated their buildings with coal. And a lot of unburnt coal went up the chimney. I heard someone talk about Columbia University in the 50's; there was a guy who went around campus with a shovel and a wheelbarrow shoveling up the cinders and dust. To be put back into the furnace. And then a lot of buildings converted to #6 diesel. Which as I understand it is basically petroleum mud. Only banned a couple years ago.

			Led Zeppelin Album

			1952 gab es in London The Big Smoke: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smog

			Big Smoke als Spitzname von Städten http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Smoke

			By 1842, Britain was using two-thirds of all the coal produced in the western world. In London the result was a near-impenetrable gloom through much of the year. In one of the Sherlock Holmes stories Holmes has to strike a match – in daytime – to read something written on a London wall. So hard was it to find one’s way that people not infrequently walked into walls or tumbled into unseen voids. In one famous incident, seven people in a row fell into the Thames, one after the other. In 1854, when Joseph Paxton suggested building an eleven-mile-long ‘Grand Girdle Railway’ to link all the principal railway termini in London, he proposed to build it under glass, so that passengers would be insulated from London’s unwholesome air. It was more desirable evidently to be inside with the thick smoke of trains than outside with the thick smoke of everything else.*     Coal was hard on practically everything – on clothes, paintings, plants, furniture, books, buildings and respiratory systems. During weeks of really bad fog, the number of recorded deaths in London could easily increase by a thousand. Even pets and animals at the Smithfield meat market died in disproportionately increased numbers.

			Sources accoding to Clio Infra: Working Paper CLIO-INFRA: Total SO2 Emissions 1. Title     Total fossil fuel SO2 emissions by decade and country 2. Author(s)     Kees Klein Goldewijk, Utrecht University 3. Production date     2013-5-18. 4. Version     1 5. Variable group(s)     Environmental sustainability 6. Variable(s)     Total SO2 emissions 7. Unit of analysis     Country 8. Keywords (5)     SO2, emissions 9. Abstract (200 words) Sulfur aerosols impact human health, ecosystems, agriculture, and global and regional climate. A new annual estimate of anthropogenic global and regional sulfur dioxide emissions has been constructed spanning the period 1850–2005 using a bottom-up mass balance method, calibrated to country-level inventory data. Global emissions peaked in the early 1970s and decreased until 2000, with an increase in recent years due to increased emissions in China, international shipping, and developing countries in general. An uncertainty analysis was conducted including both random and systemic uncertainties. The overall global uncertainty in sulfur dioxide emissions is relatively small, but regional uncertainties ranged up to 30%. The largest contributors to uncertainty at present are emissions from China and international shipping. Emissions were distributed on a 0.5° grid by sector for use in coordinated climate model experiments. 10. Time period     1850 -2000 11. Geographical coverage     Worldwide 12. Methodologies used for data collection and processing     Reconstruction of emissions based on historical energy statistics and simple emission factors 13. Data quality     Good 14. Date of collection     See references 15. Data collectors     CDIAC (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/) 16. Sources     Smith, S. J., van Aardenne, J., Klimont, Z., Andres, R., Volke, A., and Delgado Arias, S.: Anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions: 1850–2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 16111-16151, doi:10.5194/acpd-10-16111-2010, 2010.

			Sources according to Clio Infra: Working Paper CLIO-INFRA: SO2 Emissions per Capita 1. Title     Total SO2 emissions per capita by decade and country 2. Author(s)     Kees Klein Goldewijk, Utrecht University 3. Production date     2013-5-18. 4. Version     1 5. Variable group(s)     Environmental sustainability 6. Variable(s) Total SO2 emissions per capita 7. Unit of analysis     Country 8. Keywords (5)     SO2, emissions 9. Abstract (200 words) Sulfur aerosols impact human health, ecosystems, agriculture, and global and regional climate. A new annual estimate of anthropogenic global and regional sulfur dioxide emissions has been constructed spanning the period 1850–2005 using a bottom-up mass balance method, calibrated to country-level inventory data. Global emissions peaked in the early 1970s and decreased until 2000, with an increase in recent years due to increased emissions in China, international shipping, and developing countries in general. An uncertainty analysis was conducted including both random and systemic uncertainties. The overall global uncertainty in sulfur dioxide emissions is relatively small, but regional uncertainties ranged up to 30%. The largest contributors to uncertainty at present are emissions from China and international shipping. Emissions were distributed on a 0.5° grid by sector for use in coordinated climate model experiments. 10. Time period     1850 -2000 11. Geographical coverage     Worldwide 12. Methodologies used for data collection and processing     Reconstruction of emissions based on historical energy statistics and simple emission factors 13. Data quality     Good 14. Date of collection     See references 15. Data collectors     CDIAC (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/) 16. Sources     Smith, S. J., van Aardenne, J., Klimont, Z., Andres, R., Volke, A., and Delgado Arias, S.: Anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions: 1850–2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 16111-16151, doi:10.5194/acpd-10-16111-2010, 2010.

			http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.PM10.MC.M3

			Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-population weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a country's technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of particulate matter concentrations.

			P4.ENV.WHO.GHO.POL.UAP Page: table 52 (p. 334). The mean annual concentration of fine suspended par- ticles of less than 10 microns in diameters is a common measure of air pollution. The mean is a population- weighted average for urban population in cities above 100 000 inhabitants of a country. Source: Global Health Observatory Owner: WHO

			Folgt die Dynamik der Luftverschmutzung einer Environmental Transition? Air Pollution follows an Environmental Transition - Goklany

			Lomborg arguing for an environmental Kuznets Curve caused by Environmental Transition (caring for the environment with increasing wealth) and Kare Fog's critique (& a World Bank Study)

			http://marginalrevolution.com/#sthash.Reh66yMn.dpuf

			This is the paper that Tyler refers to

			Casey B. Mulligan; Ricard Gil; Xavier Sala-i-Martin (2004) – Do Democracies Have Different Public Policies than Nondemocracies? The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 18, No. 1. (2004), pp. 51-74

			: http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic248058.files/April%207%20Readings/Mulligan_Do_Democracies....pdf

			Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Krewski D, Jerrett M, Shi Y, Calle EE, et al. 2009. Cardiovascular mortality and exposure to airborne fine particulate matter and cigarette smoke: shape of the exposure-response relationship. Circulation 120:941–948.

			Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Turner MC, Cohen A, Krewski D, Jerrett M, et al. 2011. Lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality associated with ambient air pollution and cigarette smoke: shape of the exposure–response relationships. Environ Health Perspect 119:1616–1621.

			http://de.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/1mrvxa/change_in_mortality_from_air_pollution_between/

			Fouquet – Long run trends in energy-related external costs

			[ref]This is taken from Fouquet (2011) – Long run trends in energy-related external costs. In Ecological Economics 70 (2011) 2380–2389. Online here. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800911002953 [/ref]

			Fouquet was very helpful via email – he promised to send me the data on air pollution

				table (1).csv

			Fouquet – Long run trends in energy-related external costs

			[ref]This is taken from Fouquet (2011) – Long run trends in energy-related external costs. In Ecological Economics 70 (2011) 2380–2389. Online here. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800911002953 [/ref]

			Fouquet was very helpful via email – he promised to send me the data on air pollution

			OECD Statistik des Tages ‎(Miss)Erfolge: Bleifreies Benzin bewahrt jährlich 1,2 Millionen Menschen vor einem frühzeitigen Tod. Gleichzeitig ist Luftverschmutzung noch immer die Hauptursache für umweltbedingte Todesfälle. (Miss)Erfolge www.oecd-ilibrary.org (Miss)Erfolge: Bleifreies Benzin bewahrt jährlich 1,2 Millionen Menschen vor einem frühzeitigen Tod. Gleichzeitig ist Luftverschmutzung noch immer die

			Source: OECD. http://www.oecd.org/env/indicators-modelling-outlooks/49928853.pdf Indeed, the OECD estimates that air pollution will kill many more people in 2050 than malaria or unsafe water/sanitation, as the above chart shows. Read more here.

			(5) Environmental Regulations, Air and Water Pollution, and Infant Mortality in India Michael Greenstone and Rema Hanna Using the most comprehensive developing country dataset ever compiled on air and water pollution and environmental regulations, the paper assesses India's environmental regulations with a difference-in-differences design. The air pollution regulations are associated with substantial improvements in air quality. The most successful air regulation resulted in a modest but statistically insignificant decline in infant mortality. In contrast, the water regulations had no measurable benefits. The available evidence leads us to cautiously conclude that higher demand for air quality prompted the effective enforcement of air pollution regulations, indicating that strong public support allows environmental regulations to succeed in weak institutional settings. Full-Text Access | Supplementary Materials

			https://www.aeaweb.org/atypon.php?return_to=/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/aer.104.10.3038&etoc=1

			Notes: HC = hydrocarbon; NOx = nitrous oxides. Source: OECD (2010c), Fuel Taxes, Motor Vehicle Emission Standards and Patents related to the Fuel-Efficiency and Emissions of Motor Vehicles, OECD, Paris. 1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932571665

			OECD (2012) – OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction

			[ref]This is taken from OECD (2012) – OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction. Online here. http://www.oecd.org/environment/indicators-modelling-outlooks/oecdenvironmentaloutlookto2050theconsequencesofinaction.htm [/ref]

			tSoH 46 - Comparative Trends in Resource Use and Pollution in Market and Socialist Economies By Mikhail S. Bernstam Figure 46.7 (see opposite) Concentrations of three air pollutants, 16 countries, 1985-7 Sources: Derived or calculated from the following sources by countries: Western Europe, Canada, Japan, and Yugoslavia: OECD, OECD Environmental Data Compendium, 1989, Paris: OECD, 1989, 32-3, 35, 37; Yugoslavia, China, Poland: UN Environmental Programme, Environmental Data Report, London: Blackwell, 1989, 32-4; Yugoslavia: Yugoslavian Federal Statistical Office, Statisticki Godisnjak Yugoslavije, 1989, Beograd, 1989, 85-6; China: D. Elsom, Atmospheric Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control Policies, London: Blackwell, 1987, 235; LiMing, Zhongguo: Zhuang Zheng She Ji Liu Feng Jie, Tainjin, 1989, 79. Hungary: Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Statisztikai Kiado Vallalat, 1988, Budapest, 1990, 339-40; Czechoslovakia: Jiri Pehe, "A Record of Catastrophic Environmental Damage," Report on Eastern Europe, vol. 1, no. 12 (1990), 5-6; GDR: H. F. French, Green Revolutions: Environmental Reconstruction in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 1990, 11; USSR: USSR State Committee on Statistics, Okhrana Okruzhaiushchey Sredy i Ratsionalnoe ispolzoyanie Prirodnykh Resursov y SSSR Statsticheskii Sbornik, Moscow: Finansy i Statistika, 1989, 28-31; US: US Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1990, Washington, DC: USGPO, 1990, 203; US Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1988, Washington, DC: USGPO, 1990, passim.

			tSoH 46 - Comparative Trends in Resource Use and Pollution in Market and Socialist Economies By Mikhail S. Bernstam Figure 46.8 The Japanese indexes of concentrations of air pollutants, eight countries, 1980s, latest available year Sources: Derived or calculated from the following sources by countries: Japan, UK, and Yugoslavia: OECD, OECD Environmental Data Compendium, 1989, Paris: OECD, 1989, 32-3, 35, 37. For other countries, see sources for figure 46.7.

			tSoH 46 - Comparative Trends in Resource Use and Pollution in Market and Socialist Economies By Mikhail S. Bernstam Figure 46.9 Emissions of air pollutants from fuel combustion and industrial processes, by types, USA, USSR, and China, 1988 Sources: US: US Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-88, Washington DC: USGPO, 1990, 17-21. USSR: USSR State Committee on Statistics, Narodnoe Khoziaistvo SSSR y 1988 Godu: Statisticheskii Ezhegodnik, Moscow: Finansy i Statistika, 1989, 249. (Nore: the data is based on the assumption that 77 percent of emissions are abated while in reality about 30 percent may be abated. If the latter is the case, the total amount of these emissions was 180 MMT.) China: derived and calculated from State Statistical Bureau of People's Republic of China, China: Statistical Yearbook, 1989, Beijing, 1990, 683.

			tSoH 46 - Comparative Trends in Resource Use and Pollution in Market and Socialist Economies By Mikhail S. Bernstam Figure 46.10 Emissions of air pollutants, USA and USSR, 1970-88 (selected years), different types of measurement Sources: US: US Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, , Washington DC: USGPO, 1990, 2, 12-21. USSR: R. Mcintyre and J. Thornton (1970): "Environmental Divergence: Air Pollution in the USSR," Journal of EnvironmentalEconomics and Management, vol. 1 (Aug. 1974), 119. (Note: it is assumed, in accordance with the data for the 1980s, that 60 million tons of emissions in 1970 refer to stationary sources only. It is also assumed, in the absence of other data, that 38 million tons of emissions from transport in 1980 can be applied to 1970.) USSR, 1980-8: USSR State Committee on Statistics, Okhrana Okruzhaiushchey Sredy i Ratsionalnoe ispolzoyanie Prirodnykh Resursov y SSSR Statsticheskii Sbornik, Moscow: Finansy i Statistika, 1989, 7, 83. (Note: the lower bound of emissions in the USSR refers to official estimates whereas emissions from stationary sources assume 73 percent to 77 percent abatement ratios. The higher bound estimates assume that emissions from stationary sources are abated by 30 percent; official estimates of emissions from transportation remain unchanged. Since the data on Soviet emissions include those from transportation and stationary sources and exclude emissions from solid waste, forest burning, and other miscellaneous sources, the US data are presented in a comparable series of emissions from transportation and stationary sources. The total US emissions series is also presented.)

			tSoH 46 - Comparative Trends in Resource Use and Pollution in Market and Socialist Economies By Mikhail S. Bernstam Figure 46.11 Emissions of air pollutants per capita, market and socialist economies, 12 countries, 1985 Sources: OECD countries: OECD Environmental Data Compendium, 1989, Paris: OECD, 1989, 21-9, 305. Socialist countries: USSR State Committee on Statistics, Okhrana Okruzhaiushchey Sredy i Ratsionalnoe ispolzoyanie Prirodnykh Resursov y SSSR Statsticheskii Sbornik, Moscow: Finansy i Statistika, 1989, 7, 84-5; population data from national statistical yearbooks. (Note: the lower bound of estimates of emissions in socialist countries assumes that about 76 percent of emissions from stationary sources is abated; the higher bound of estimates assumes that 30 percent of emissions from stationary sources is abated.)

			tSoH 46 - Comparative Trends in Resource Use and Pollution in Market and Socialist Economies By Mikhail S. Bernstam Figure 46. 12 Emissions of air pollutants per $1,000 of GDP, market and socialist economies, 12 countries, 1985 Sources: Pollution: market countries: OECD, OECD Environmental Data Compendium, 1989, Paris: OECD, 1989, 21-9, 305. Socialist countries: USSR State Committee on Statistics, Okhrana Okruzhaiushchey Sredy i Ratsionalnoe ispolzoyanie Prirodnykh Resursov y SSSR Statsticheskii Sbornik, Moscow: Finansy i Statistika, 1989, 7, 84-5. (Note: the lower bound of estimates of emissions in socialist countries assumes that about 76 percent of emissions from stationary sources is abated; the higher bound of estimates assumes that 30 percent of emissions from stationary sources is abated.) GDP: Market countries: US Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1990, Washington, DC: USGPO, 1990, 841; Socialist countries: V. Marynov, "SSSR i SShA po Materialam Mezhdunarodnykh Sopostavlernii OON i SEV (Raschety Goskomstata SSSR)," USSR State Committee on Statistics, Vestnik Statistik 9 (1990), 11, 13, 15. (Note: estimates ofGDP are given in purchasing power parities in 1985 dollars.)

				Taken from: Moore & Simon - Its Getting Better All the Time SOURCES: Cliff I. Davidson, “Air Pollution in Pittsburgh: A Historical Perspective,” Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 29 (1979): 1035–41; and Council on Environmental Quality, Annual Report, various years.

			Source: Air Pollution: Brimblecombe (1987); Deaths: Registrar General (1838 onwards)

			Brimblecombe, P. 1987. The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times. Methuen. London. Also there is: Brimblecombe, P. 2006. The Clean Air Act after 50 Years. Weather 61(11) 311-4.

			Fouquet (2011) - The Demand for Environmental Quality in Driving Transitions to Low Polluting Energy Sources

			[ref]Fouquet (2011) - The Demand for Environmental Quality in Driving Transitions to Low Polluting Energy Sources [/ref]

			China is broadly right about one thing: its environmental problems do have historical parallels. With the exception of Chongqing, the largest municipality, most Chinese cities are no more polluted than Japan’s were in 1960 (see chart 1). Excluding spikes like that in Beijing this year, air quality is improving at about the same rate as Japan’s did in the 1970s.

			http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21583245-china-worlds-worst-polluter-largest-investor-green-energy-its-rise-will-have

			Source: Berresheim, Wine and Davis (1992).

			[ref]This is taken from a chapter in Karl-Göran Mäler, Jeffrey R. Vincent (2003) - Handbook of Environmental Economics, Volume 1: Environmental Degradation and Institutional Responses. North Holland. [/ref]

			Karl-Göran Mäler, Jeffrey R. Vincent (2003) - Handbook of Environmental Economics, Volume 1_ Environmental Degradation and Institutional Responses. North Holland.

			Note: “High” rates represent the highest rate applicable in a country (typically the standard rate) and “low” rates represent the lowest rate applicable in a jurisdiction (generally based on when, where and how emissions are brought about). For Australia, NSW indicates the state of New South Wales and ACT indicates the Australia Capital Territory; for Spain, Castile-La Mancha indicates the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha; for the United States, ME indicates the State of Maine; and for Canada, BC indicates the Province of British Columbia. Source: OECD/EEA Database on Environmentally Related Taxes, available at www.oecd.org/env/policies/database. 1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932571684

			OECD (2012) – OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction

			[ref]This is taken from OECD (2012) – OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction. Online here. http://www.oecd.org/environment/indicators-modelling-outlooks/oecdenvironmentaloutlookto2050theconsequencesofinaction.htm [/ref]

			Source: (United States Environmental Protection Agency 2000)

			[ref]This is taken from Hutton (2011) – Air Pollution - Global Damage Costs of Air Pollution from 1900 to 2050. Guy Hutton, PhD. Assessment Paper. Copenhagen Consensus on Human Challenges. 2011. The paper is here http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/air_pollution.pdf and the description is here http://copenhagenconsensus.com/projects/how-much-have-global-problems-cost-world/research/air-pollution [/ref]

			Source: authors estimates

			[ref]This is taken from Hutton (2011) – Air Pollution - Global Damage Costs of Air Pollution from 1900 to 2050. Guy Hutton, PhD. Assessment Paper. Copenhagen Consensus on Human Challenges. 2011. The paper is here http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/air_pollution.pdf and the description is here http://copenhagenconsensus.com/projects/how-much-have-global-problems-cost-world/research/air-pollution [/ref]

			Source: Smith et. al..  http://www.atmos-chem-phys.org/11/1101/2011/acp-11-1101-2011.pdf While emissions of sulfur dioxide — one of the main pollutants that causes acid rain — have fallen in the U.S. and Europe, they're rising in East Asia as China grows. Read more here.

			http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/01/15/40-charts-that-explain-the-world/

			Die schöne - aber stark kritisierte - Grafik daraus: Figure 86 Average concentrations of S02 and smoke in London, 1585-1994/5. Data lor 1585-1935 are estimated from coal imports and have been adjusted to the average of the measured data."631163. This necessitates an upwards adjustment of Brimblecombe's data by approximately a factor of 4. However, since Brimblecombe's model data are averages for London as a whole, it must be assumed that central London was much more polluted, in line with the actual measurements (Brimblecombe 1977:1,159; Elsom 1995:477). Also, it must be expected that the decline towards the end of the curve is presumably slightly exaggerated because the model is based only on coal, whereas over the centuries many other sources of pollution appeared. Finally, the model also has difficulty defining urban boundaries (Brimblecombe 1977:1,161). The S02 data for 1933-80 come from Laxen and Thompson (1987:106), using concentrations at County Hall in London. Note that the data are from different time series using various methods of measurement. P. 165, fig. 86 and note 1163: ERROR "Data for 1585-1935 are estimated from coal imports and have been adjusted to the average of the measured data." In the note: "This necessitates an upwards adjustment of Brimblecombe´s data by approximately a factor of 4." Error: Actually, the directly measured SO2 concentrations during the period 1934 to 1964 were fairly constant around an average of abut 330 µg/m³, probably with a somewhat higher average around 400 µg/m³ in the first years. There also exist data based on another method, in which the concentration was not measured directly, but inferred from the amount deposited. A conversion factor has been applied to transform these latter data into concentration data, but the validity of this conversion is uncertain. Data are presented in fig. 1 in Laxen & Thompson (1987): Environmental pollution 43: 103-114 (see also example 3 here in Lomborg-errors). From their figure it is evident that the deposition method gives higher values than direct measurement. What Lomborg has done, is to use only the measurement that gives high values around 1935, and only the measurement that gives low values around 1960. In this way, the curve artificially is made steeper. Next, this steeper slope has consequences for the calibration with the coal import data, and this distorted calibration then leads to that Lomborg mulitplies Brimblecombe´s curve with a factor of 4. Without this erroneous multiplication, there would not have been higher values from 1700 to 1900 than in the middle of the 1900s, and the whole point in Lomborg´s argumentation would collapse. Also, it is not true that "it must be assumed that central London was much more polluted". The SO2 data are from the most polluted part of central London. Altogether, the figure is a case of deliberate manipulation. Source: Brimblecombe 1977:1161, Brimblecombe, Peter 1977 "London air pollution, 1500-1900." Atmospheric Environment 11:1,157-62. Elsom 1995:477, Elsom, Derek M. 1995 "Atmospheric pollution trends in the United Kingdom." In Simon 1995b:476-90. QUARC 1996:75, 1996 Airborne Particle Matter in the United Kingdom. Third Report of the Quality of Urban Air Review Group, http://www.aeat.co.uk/ EPAQS 1995:Figure 3, 1995a Particles. Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, the Scottish Executive, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland, http://www.detr.gov.uk/ environment/airq/aqs/particle/index.htm. 1995b Sulphur Dioxide. Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, the Scottish Executive, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland, http://www.detr.gov.uk/ environment/airq/aqs/so2/index.htin. Laxen and Thompson 1987:106, Laxen, Duncan P. H. and Mark A. Thompson 1987 "Sulphur dioxide in Greater London, OECD 1985a:28, OECD 1985a OECD Environmental Data Compendium 1985. Paris: Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development. 1987:31, 1987 OECD Environmental Data Compendium 1987. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1999:57. 1999 OECD Environmental Data Compendium 1999. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. BIS HIER INFO ZUR FIGURE 86

			Lomborg on calculating the costs of different Air Pollutants (answering the question 'What is dangerous?) and showing the decreasing costs over the last decades - Lomborg

			Decline of US Air Pollutant Emissions - Ridley Graph (Source)

			USA - Trends in Outdoor and Indoor Air Quality - improvements over the last 60 or more years (as long data is available) - Goklany

			U.S. Trends Traditional Air Pollution - (Particulate matter  (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NON), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (03) or its precursor volatile organic compounds (VOC)) measured as Emissions per GDP they peaked in 1920s, absolute decline of some around 1970s - Goklany

			Nicht so interessant: The danger of Particles in the Air - and data & graph on the decline since 1960 - Lomborg

			The danger of Lead in the Air - including data & graph on the decline since 1975/80 - Lomborg

			The danger of SO_2 in the Air - including data & graph on the increase since 1880 and the decline since 1975 - Lomborg

			The danger of Ozone in the Air - including data & graph on the decline since 1975 - Lomborg

			The danger of CO in the Air - including data & graph on the decline since 1970 - Lomborg

				Taken from: Moore & Simon - Its Getting Better All the Time SOURCE: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality, Planning and Standards, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report (Research Triangle Park, N.C.: EPA, OAQPS, 1996).

				Taken from: Moore & Simon - Its Getting Better All the Time SOURCE: Environmental Protection Agency data as cited in Indur Goklany, Clearing the Air, pp. 67–86.

				Taken from: Moore & Simon - Its Getting Better All the Time SOURCES: Council on Environmental Quality, Annual Report (Washington: Government Printing Office, various years); and Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1996, Table A-17

			Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity Figure 1. 7a Emissions of major air pollutants in the USA, 1940-90 Note: In millions of metric tons per year, except lead in ten thousands of metric tons per year, and carbon monoxide in 10 million metric tons per year. Source: Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Quality, 22nd Annual Report, 1992, 273.

			Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity Figure 1. 7b Air quality trends in major urban areas, USA (number of PSI days greater than 100) Sources: Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Quality, 22nd Annual Report, 1992, 277; id., Environmental Quality, 12th Annual Report, 1981, 244.

			Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity Figure 1.7c Pollutants in the air, USA, 1960-90 Sources: Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Quality, 12th Annual Report, 1981, 243; Sulfur 1964 through 1972: EPA (1973): 32 stations.

			Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity Figure 1.7d Smoke level and mean hours of winter sunshine in London, 1923-84 Sources: P. Brimblecombe and H. Rohde, "Air Pollution : Historical Trends," Durabil ity of Building Materials, 5 (1988), 291-308; Derek Elsom, this volume.

			tSoH 43 - Long-Run Trends in Environmental Quality By William J. Baumol and Wallace E. Oates Figure 43.27 Ambient air pollutant concentrations, USA, 1976-90 Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1992.

			tSoH 43 - Long-Run Trends in Environmental Quality By William J. Baumol and Wallace E. Oates Figure 43.13 Carbon monoxide concentrations in New York City, 1958-75 (pans per million) Source: Dept of Air Resources, New York. Figures represent average annual measurements taken at Station Laboratory 121 (located at 121st St) fifteen feet above street level. This station was chosen because it is the oldest in the city and its data are more complete. Most of the air pollutant measuring stations in New York City began operation after 1969.

			tSoH 43 - Long-Run Trends in Environmental Quality By William J. Baumol and Wallace E. Oates Figure 43.11 National air pollutant emissions Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1992.

			tSoH 43 - Long-Run Trends in Environmental Quality By William J. Baumol and Wallace E. Oates Figure 43.9 Settleable particulate matter for five New York City boroughs Source : Dept of Air Resources, New York.

			tSoH 43 - Long-Run Trends in Environmental Quality By William J. Baumol and Wallace E. Oates Figure 43.10 S02 air quality data for six US cities (micrograms of S02 per cubic meter) Source: Derived from Environmental Quality, The Fourth Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1973), 273. They cite as their source: EPA data from the National Air Sampling Network.

			tSoH 43 - Long-Run Trends in Environmental Quality By William J. Baumol and Wallace E. Oates Figure 43.14 Total suspended particulates for six cities, 1967-72 (micrograms per cubic meter) Source: Environmental Quality, The Fourth Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality (1972), 273.

			tSoH 43 - Long-Run Trends in Environmental Quality By William J. Baumol and Wallace E. Oates Figure 43.15 Industrial lead pollution at Camp Century, Greenland, since 800 BC, micrograms per kilogram Source: M. Murozumi, T. J. Chow, and C. Patterson, "Chemical Concentrations of Pollutant Lead Aerosols, Terrestrial Dusts and Sea Salts in Greenland and Antarctic Snow Strata," Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 33, 10 (Oct. 1969), 1285.

			tSoH 44 - Atmospheric Pollution Trends in the United Kingdom By Derek M. Elsom Figure 44.1 Smoke and sulfur dioxide levels, London, 1585-1940 Note: Estimated decadal mean smoke and sulfur dioxide concentrations. Source: Brimblecombe ( 1977)Brimblecombe, P. ( 1977): "London Air Pollution, 1500-1900." Atmospheric Envi­ ronment, 11, 1157-62.

			tSoH 44 - Atmospheric Pollution Trends in the United Kingdom By Derek M. Elsom Figure 44.2 Mean winter S02 concentrations, selected sites in the United Kingdom Source: Martin and Barber (1988).Martin, A., and F. R. Barber (1988): "Two Long Term Air Pollution Surveys Around Power Stations." Clean Air, U.K., 8, 61-73.

			tSoH 44 - Atmospheric Pollution Trends in the United Kingdom By Derek M. Elsom Figure 44.3 Smoke level and mean hours of winter sunshine in London Source: J. L. Simon adaptation of Elsom figure and data plus Brimblecombe and Rohde (1988) data. ---and H. Rodhe (1988): "Air Pollution- Historical Trends." Durability of Building Materials, 5, 291-308.

			tSoH 44 - Atmospheric Pollution Trends in the United Kingdom By Derek M. Elsom Figure 44.4 S02 and smoke emission and concentration, United Kingdom, 1962-88 Source: Compiled from data presented in Dept ofEnvironment (1990).--- (1990): Digest of Environmental Protection and Water Statistics, 1989 (and Statis­tical Bulletin "Air Quality" Supplement). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Elsom, D. M. (1992): Atmospheric Pollution, 2nd edn. Cambridge, MA, and Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

			tSoH 44 - Atmospheric Pollution Trends in the United Kingdom By Derek M. Elsom Figure 44.5 Air pollution and bronchitis deaths, Manchester, 1959-60 to 1983-4 Source: M. Eastwood, Director, Environmental Health and Consumer Protection Dept, Manchester City Council.

			tSoH 44 - Atmospheric Pollution Trends in the United Kingdom By Derek M. Elsom Figure 44. 7 Sulfate and nitrate concentrations in atmospheric aerosols, Harwell, United Kingdom Source: Adapted from figure 4 in Atkins et al. (1990) with permission of Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire. Atkins, D. H. F., D. V. Law, C. Healy, R. Sandalls, H. Jeffery, and J. Sandalls (1990): Trends in the Concentration of Sulphate and Nitrate in the Ambient Aerosol at a Site in the United Kingdom (1954-1988). Report AERE R 13288. Harwell: AEA Environment & Energy.

			tSoH 44 - Atmospheric Pollution Trends in the United Kingdom By Derek M. Elsom Figure 44.8 Ozone concentrations, central London Source: London Scientific Services ( 1990a). London Scientific Services (1990a): London-wide Ozone Monitoring Programme:

			tSoH 44 - Atmospheric Pollution Trends in the United Kingdom By Derek M. Elsom Figure 44.9 Nitrogen oxides and lead levels, central London, 1978-89 Source: London Scientific Services (1990b) and London Planning Advisory Committee (1990). London Planning Advisory Committee (1990): Air Pollution Associated with Trans­ port in London. London: LPAC. London Scientific Services (1990b): London Air Pollution Monitoring Network: Fourth Report-1989.

			tSoH 45 - Trends in Air Pollution in the United States By Hugh W. Ellsaesser Figure 45.1 Trends in settleable dust in six cities Source: Ludwig et al. (1970). Ludwig, J. H., and G. B. Morgan and T. B. McMullen (1970): "Trends in Urban Air Quality." EOS 51(5), 468-75.

			tSoH 45 - Trends in Air Pollution in the United States By Hugh W. Ellsaesser Figur e 45.2 Number of days per year with highest concentration equal to or greater than levels shown Note: Number of days per year that total oxidants reached one hour maxima of 0.10 ppm and instantaneous values of 0.15, 0.25, and 0.35 ppm in the Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District as compiled by California Air Resources Board (1974). Source: Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District.

			tSoH 45 - Trends in Air Pollution in the United States By Hugh W. Ellsaesser Figure 45.3 Air pollutant trends, 1960-88 ALL EPA SOURCES IN DIESEM KAPITEKL: EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (1973): Monitoring and Air Quality Trends Report, 1972, PB-234 445. Research Triangle Park, NC. --- (1974): Health Consequences of Sulfur Oxides: A Report from CHESSJ 1970- 1971, EPA-650/1-74-004. Research Triangle Park, NC. --- (1977): National Air Quality Emissions Trends Reportj 1976, EPA-450/1-77- 002. Research Triangle Park, NC. --- (1984): National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Reportj 1982, EPA-450/4- 84-002. Research Triangle Park, NC. --- (1990): National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Reportj 1988, EPA-450/4- 90-002. Research Triangle Park, NC.

			tSoH 45 - Trends in Air Pollution in the United States By Hugh W. Ellsaesser Figure 45.4 Ambient air pollutant concentrations, USA, 1976-90 Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, annual.

			tSoH 45 - Trends in Air Pollution in the United States By Hugh W. Ellsaesser Figure 45.5 Ambient air pollutant concentrations, index of deviations from standards Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Repon, annual.

			tSoH 45 - Trends in Air Pollution in the United States By Hugh W. Ellsaesser Figure 45.6 Emissions of major air pollutants in the USA Note: In millions of metric tons per year, except lead in ten thousands of metric tons per year, and carbon monoxide in ten million metric tons per year. Source: Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Quality, 22nd Annual Report, 1992, 273. J. L. Simon, The Ultimate Resource, rev. edn. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, forthcoming).

			tSoH 45 - Trends in Air Pollution in the United States By Hugh W. Ellsaesser Figure 45.7 Air quality trends in major urban areas (number of days greater than the PSI index level) Source: Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Quality, 22nd Annual Report, 1992, 277. Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Quality 1981, 12th Annual Report, 1981, 244.

			tSoH 45 - Trends in Air Pollution in the United States By Hugh W. Ellsaesser Figure 45.8 Pollutants in the air, USA, 1960-90 Source: Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Quality, 22nd Annual Report, 1992, 276. Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Quality 1981, 12th Annual Report, 1981, 243.

			tSoH 46 - Comparative Trends in Resource Use and Pollution in Market and Socialist Economies By Mikhail S. Bernstam Figure 46.1 Emissions of air pollutants, nine market economies, 1970-85 Note: Percentages in parentheses show the total amounts of emissions in 1985 in a given country as a percent of those in 1970. The data for France refer to 1987 in lieu of 1985; no data for Norway for 1970 are available. Sources: OECD, OECD Environmental Data Compendium, 1989, Paris: OECD, 1989, 21-9.

			tSoH 46 - Comparative Trends in Resource Use and Pollution in Market and Socialist Economies By Mikhail S. Bernstam Figure 46.2 Emissions of air pollutants, by sources, USA, 1940-88 Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-88, Washington, DC: USGPO, 1990, 12-21.

			tSoH 46 - Comparative Trends in Resource Use and Pollution in Market and Socialist Economies By Mikhail S. Bernstam Figure 46.3 Indexes of the real gross national product, energy use, and emissions of air pollutants, USA, 1940-88 Sources: GNP: US President, Economic Report of the President, 1990, Washington, DC: USGPO, 1990, 296; energy: UN Energy Yearbooks, various years; UN Statistical Yearbooks, various years; emissions: US Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940--88, Washington, DC: USGPO, 1990, 2.

			tSoH 46 - Comparative Trends in Resource Use and Pollution in Market and Socialist Economies By Mikhail S. Bernstam Figure 46.4 Emissions of air pollutants and energy use per capita and per 1982 $1,000, USA, 1940-88 Sources: GNP: US President, Economic Report of the President, 1990, Washington, DC: USGPO, 1990, 296; energy: UN Energy Yearbooks, various years; UN Statistical Yearbooks, various years; emissions: US Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-88, Washington, DC: USGPO, 1990, 2. Population: US Bureau ofthe Census, Statistical Abstractofthe United States, 1990, Washington, DC: USGPO, 1990,7.

			[ref]This is taken from a chapter in Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1B. North Holland. [/ref]

			Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1B. North Holland.

			[ref]This is taken from a chapter in Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1B. North Holland. [/ref]

			Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1B. North Holland.

			[ref]This is taken from a chapter in Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1B. North Holland. [/ref]

			Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1B. North Holland.